Al-Tawhid Wal-Jihad

Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (Congregation of Monotheism and Jihad)
Participant in the Iraq War
A flag that was in use by Jama'at al-Tawhid wal Jihad in late 2004
Active	1999–17 October 2004
Leaders	Abu Musab al-Zarqawi until 2006 Abu Hafs al-Amazighi
Headquarters	Fallujah
Area of operations	Iraq, limited in Jordan
Became	Al-Qaeda in Iraq
Allies	Ansar al-Islam
Opponents	Multinational force in Iraq, Iraq (Iraqi security forces, Kurdish and Shia militias), Jordan, United Nations
Battles and wars	Iraqi insurgency

Abu Musab al-Zarqawi until 2006

Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (English: Organization of Monotheism and Jihad), which may be abbreviated as JTJ or Jama'at, was a militant Jihadist group that was led by the Jordanian national Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, who formed the group in Jordan in 1999, until his death in June 2006. Shortly after al-Zarqawi's death, al-Qaeda in Iraq named a new leader, Abu-Hamzah al-Muhajir, thought to be a pseudonym, which the US military named as Abu Ayyub al-Masri, an Egyptian militant based in Baghdad. He and ISI leader Abu Omar al-Baghdadi were killed during a military operation on his safehouse on 18 April 2010. On May 14, 2010, al-Masri was replaced as leader by al-Nasser Lideen Illah Abu Suleiman, who was in turn killed some time in 2011. Following Suleiman's death, the position of "War Minister" was replaced by a military council composed of former regime military officers under the leadership of Haji Bakr.

During the Iraqi insurgency (2003–11), the group became a decentralized network with foreign fighters and a considerable Iraqi membership.

On 17 October 2004, al-Zarqawi pledged allegiance to Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda network, and the group became known as Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn (commonly known as al-Qaeda in Iraq or Tanzim). After several mergers with other groups, it changed its name several times until it called itself Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) in 2006.

Abu Musab al-Zarqawi was a Jordanian Jihadist who traveled to Afghanistan to fight in the Soviet-Afghan War, but arrived after the departure of the Soviet troops and soon returned to his homeland. He eventually returned to Afghanistan, where he ran an Islamic militant training camp near Herat.