Mexico has 740 separately licensed television stations authorized by the Federal Telecommunications Institute.
Commercial stations are primarily operated by Televisa, Azteca, Grupo Imagen and their affiliate partners. There are five major national commercial networks:
There are also local stations and regional networks which take programs from Televisa, stations carrying its Gala TV network which commonly shares time with local programming, and Televisa Regional stations, which incorporate programming from various Televisa networks alongside local news and magazine programs. Multimedios Televisión operates a regional network concentrated in northeastern Mexico, and a handful of independent stations operate primarily in regions along the border.
There are two types of noncommercial stations. The first type holds public concessions and are predominantly owned by federal and state governments and public institutions of higher education. The two largest public networks are Canal Once, owned by the Instituto Politécnico Nacional, and the multiplexed transmitter network of the Sistema Público de Radiodifusión del Estado Mexicano (SPR), which offers multiple public television services. 26 of the 32 states also operate their own state networks, some of which have dozens of low-power transmitters. There are also a handful of stations operated by private universities and civil associations, which hold social concessions.
In addition, due to Mexico's rugged terrain, many stations operate low-powered, mostly co-channel translators (legally known as equipos complementarios de zona de sombra) to serve areas shielded by terrain, to improve signal reception in fringe areas, or (in some cases) to serve completely different television markets. Translators may be in different states from their parent stations; a handful even operate as local stations in their own right with their own local programs.
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