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Xá Lợi Pagoda raids

Xá Lợi Pagoda raids
The front of the pagoda is cream colored and sits on a raised platform which is connected to the ground by a stairway. Chinese characters are above a set of ornate glass windows. A few people are sitting on the benches in the brick courtyard below, surrounded by many trees and shrubs. The roof is tiled brown and there is an unused flagpole at the front of the raise platform.
Xá Lợi Pagoda, the focal point of the attacks
Location Many Buddhist temples across South Vietnam, most notably the Xá Lợi Pagoda in Saigon.
Date 21 August 1963
Target Buddhist protestors
Attack type
Shootings, beatings, temple demolitions
Deaths Estimates range up to hundreds
Non-fatal injuries
Hundreds
Perpetrators Army of the Republic of Vietnam Special Forces under orders from Ngô Đình Nhu

The Xá Lợi Pagoda raids were a series of synchronized attacks on various Buddhist pagodas in the major cities of South Vietnam shortly after midnight on 21 August 1963. The raids were executed by the Army of the Republic of Vietnam Special Forces under Colonel Lê Quang Tung, and combat police, both of which took their orders directly from Ngô Đình Nhu, younger brother of the Roman Catholic President Ngô Đình Diệm. Xá Lợi Pagoda, the largest pagoda in the South Vietnamese capital, Saigon, was the most prominent of the raided temples. Over 1,400 Buddhists were arrested, and estimates of the death toll and missing ranged up to the hundreds. In response to the Huế Vesak shootings and a ban on the Buddhist flag in early May, South Vietnam's Buddhist majority rose in widespread civil disobedience and protest against the religious bias and discrimination of the Catholic-dominated Diệm government. Buddhist temples in major cities, most prominently the Xá Lợi pagoda, became focal points for protesters and assembly points for Buddhist monks from rural areas.

In August, several Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) generals proposed the imposition of martial law, ostensibly to break up the demonstrations, but in reality to prepare for a military coup. However, Nhu, already looking to arrest Buddhist leaders and crush the protest movement, used the opportunity to preempt the generals and embarrass them. He disguised Tung's Special Forces in army uniforms and used them to attack the Buddhists, thereby causing the general public and South Vietnam's U.S. allies to blame the army, diminishing the generals' reputations and ability to act as future national leaders.


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