Wu Xun

Wu Xun (Chinese: 武训; Pinyin: Wǔ Xùn; 1838-1896) was a Chinese educational reformer who pioneered free popular education in the country. He became a hero of progressive culture in China, but in the 1960s during Mao Zedong's Cultural Revolution his reputation was attacked and his body was exhumed and burned.

Wu was born in Wuzhuang, Liulin Town, Tangyin County. His father died when he was a child, leaving him to fend for himself. Too poor to attend the local school, Wu determined to promote universal free education. An illiterate beggar, Wu educated himself and eventually used his little money to develop business ventures. Eventually he achieved success as a businessman, but he continued to beg, using the money he got to fund the foundation of local schools in Shandong. His actions led to the creation of numerous schools in his home region. In the last decade of his life Wu was a successful money lender and landlord, and he used his earnings to found three schools.

Wu's life and work was promoted as exemplary by many leading figures in the imperial court of the Qing Dynasty. After his death in 1896 a memorial temple, the Wu Xun Temple in Guan County, Shandong, was created to honor his work. He was portrayed as a Confucian hero and his body was preserved. He continued to be regarded as a hero in Shandong, and the phrase "the spirit of Wu Xun" was used to refer to the social ideal of progress through education and traditional Confucian ideals of service.

In 1950 a film about his work, The Life of Wu Xun, was made. It was quickly criticised by radicals within the Chinese Communist Party for promoting Wu, whose life was attacked as counter-revolutionary. The campaign was the "first major politico-ideological campaign in the Chinese Communist regime". It was initiated by Mao's wife Jiang Qing, who loathed the "bourgeois reformism" epitomised by Wu. She persuaded Mao himself to write an article denouncing Wu as a promoter of "feudal" culture.

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