War of Three Kingdoms

Wars of the Three Kingdoms
Monarch of the Three Kingdoms: Charles I in Three Positions by Anthony van Dyck, painted in 1633
Date 1639—1651 (12 years) Location Great Britain and Ireland Result English Parliamentary Army victory over all other protagonists Execution of King Charles I Exile of Charles II Defeat of the Irish Confederates Defeat of the Scottish Covenanters English Parliament reduced to a Rump Establishment of the republican Commonwealth
Belligerents
English, Scottish and Irish Royalists	Scottish Covenanters	Irish Confederates	Irish Protestants	English Parliamentarians
Commanders and leaders
Charles I   Prince Rupert Charles II Marquis of Montrose (in Scotland)	Marquis of Argyll David Leslie	Confederate Supreme Council Owen Roe O'Neill (in Ulster) Thomas Preston (in Leinster) Garret Barry (in Munster) John Burke (in Connacht) Edmund O'Dwyer (in Munster)	Earl of Inchiquin Duke of Ormonde	Earl of Essex Earl of Manchester Thomas Fairfax Oliver Cromwell George Monck (in Scotland) Michael Jones (in Ireland) Henry Ireton (in Ireland)
Casualties and losses
50,000 English and Welsh				34,000
127,000 noncombat English and Welsh deaths (including some 40,000 civilians)

English Parliamentary Army victory over all other protagonists

The Wars of the Three Kingdoms, sometimes known as the British Civil Wars, formed an intertwined series of conflicts that took place in England, Ireland and Scotland between 1639 and 1651. The English Civil War proper has become the best-known of these conflicts and included the execution of the kingdoms' monarch, Charles I, by the English parliament in 1649.

The history of these wars is often extended to include the uprisings and conflicts that continued through the 1650s until the English Restoration of the monarchy with Charles II, in 1660, and sometimes until Venner's uprising the following year. The wars were the outcome of tensions over religious and civil issues. Religious disputes centred on whether religion was to be dictated by the monarch or the choice of the individual, with many people feeling that they ought to have freedom of religion. The related civil questions were to what extent the king's rule was constrained by parliaments—in particular his right to raise taxes and armed forces without consent. Furthermore, the wars also had an element of national conflict, as Ireland and Scotland rebelled against England's primacy within the Three Kingdoms. The victory of the English Parliament—ultimately under Oliver Cromwell—over the king, the Irish and the Scots helped to determine the future of Great Britain and Ireland as a constitutional monarchy with political power centred on London.

The wars included the Bishops' Wars of 1639 and 1640, the Scottish Civil War of 1644–45; the Irish Rebellion of 1641, Confederate Ireland, 1642–49 and the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland in 1649 (collectively the Eleven Years War or Irish Confederate Wars); and the First, Second and Third English Civil Wars of 1642–46, 1648–49 and 1650–51.

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