Vulcan bomber
| Avro Vulcan | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| A Vulcan B.2 of the RAF, 1985 | |
| Role | Strategic bomber |
| National origin | United Kingdom |
| Manufacturer |
Avro Hawker Siddeley Aviation |
| First flight | 30 August 1952 |
| Introduction | September 1956 |
| Retired | March 1984 (Royal Air Force) October 2015 (XH558) |
| Status | Retired |
| Primary user | Royal Air Force |
| Produced | 1956–1965 |
| Number built | 136 (including prototypes) |
| Unit cost |
£750,000 (1956)
|
| Variants | Avro Atlantic |
 Vulcan B.1 XA897 prior to the accident, stopping over at RAF Khormaksar
|
The Avro Vulcan (later Hawker Siddeley Vulcan from July 1963) is a jet-powered tailless delta wing high-altitude strategic bomber, which was operated by the Royal Air Force (RAF) from 1956 until 1984. Aircraft manufacturer A.V. Roe and Company (Avro) designed the Vulcan in response to Specification B.35/46. Of the three V bombers produced, the Vulcan was considered the most technically advanced and hence the riskiest option. Several scale aircraft, designated Avro 707, were produced to test and refine the delta wing design principles.
The Vulcan B.1 was first delivered to the RAF in 1956; deliveries of the improved Vulcan B.2 started in 1960. The B.2 featured more powerful engines, a larger wing, an improved electrical system and electronic countermeasures (ECM); many were modified to accept the Blue Steel missile. As a part of the V-force, the Vulcan was the backbone of the United Kingdom's airborne nuclear deterrent during much of the Cold War. Although the Vulcan was typically armed with nuclear weapons, it was capable of conventional bombing missions, a capability which was used in Operation Black Buck during the Falklands War between the United Kingdom and Argentina in 1982.
The Vulcan had no defensive weaponry, initially relying upon high-speed high-altitude flight to evade interception. Electronic countermeasures were employed by the B.1 (designated B.1A) and B.2 from circa 1960. A change to low-level tactics was made in the mid-1960s. In the mid-1970s nine Vulcans were adapted for maritime radar reconnaissance operations, redesignated as B.2 (MRR). In the final years of service six Vulcans were converted to the K.2 tanker configuration for aerial refuelling.
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