Ust'-Ishim man

Ust'-Ishim man is the term given to the 45,000-year-old remains of one of the early modern humans to inhabit western Siberia. The fossil is notable in that it had intact DNA which permitted the complete sequencing of its genome, the oldest modern human genome to be so decoded.

The remains consist of a single bone—left femur—of a male hunter-gatherer, which was discovered in 2008 protruding from the bank of the Irtysh River by Nikolai Peristov, a Russian sculptor who specialises in carving mammoth ivory. Peristov showed the fossil to a forensic investigator who suggested that it might be of human origin. The fossil was named after the Ust'-Ishim District of Siberia where it had been discovered.

The fossil was examined by paleoanthropologists in the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, located in Leipzig, Germany. Carbon dating showed that the fossil dates back to 45,000 years ago, making it the oldest human fossil to be so dated. Scientists found the DNA intact and were able to sequence the complete genome of Ust'-Ishim man to contemporary standards of quality. Though genomes have been sequenced of hominins pre-dating Ust'-Ishim man, this is the oldest modern human genome to be sequenced to date.

Since 2016, Ust'-Ishim man has been classified as belonging to Y-DNA haplogroup K2a, which is defined by the SNP M2308. (Before 2016, the remains were believed to belong to Haplogroup K2.)

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