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Type II diabetes

Diabetes mellitus type 2
Synonyms Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), adult-onset diabetes
Blue circle for diabetes.svg
Universal blue circle symbol for diabetes
Pronunciation
Specialty Endocrinology
Symptoms Increased thirst, frequent urination, unexplained weight loss, increased hunger
Complications Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, diabetic ketoacidosis, heart disease, strokes, diabetic retinopathy, kidney failure,amputations
Usual onset Middle or older age
Duration Long term
Causes Obesity, lack of exercise, genetics
Diagnostic method Blood test
Prevention Maintaining normal weight, exercising, eating properly
Treatment Dietary changes, metformin, insulin, bariatric surgery
Prognosis 10 year shorter life expectancy
Frequency 392 million (2015)
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Classification
External resources

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (also known as type 2 diabetes) is a long term metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin. Common symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained weight loss. Symptoms may also include increased hunger, feeling tired, and sores that do not heal. Often symptoms come on slowly. Long-term complications from high blood sugar include heart disease, strokes, diabetic retinopathy which can result in blindness, kidney failure, and poor blood flow in the limbs which may lead to amputations. The sudden onset of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state may occur; however, ketoacidosis is uncommon.

Type 2 diabetes primarily occurs as a result of obesity and lack of exercise. Some people are more genetically at risk than others. Type 2 diabetes makes up about 90% of cases of diabetes, with the other 10% due primarily to diabetes mellitus type 1 and gestational diabetes. In diabetes mellitus type 1 there is an absolute lack of insulin, due to an autoimmune induced breakdown of the islet cells in the pancreas. Diagnosis of diabetes is by blood tests such as fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, or A1C.


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