Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
| Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state | |
|---|---|
| Synonyms | Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma (HHNC), hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma (HONK), nonketotic hyperosmolar coma, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS) |
| Symptoms | Signs of dehydration, altered level of consciousness |
| Complications | Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, mesenteric artery occlusion, rhabdomyolysis |
| Usual onset | Days to weeks |
| Duration | Few days |
| Risk factors | Infections, stroke, trauma, certain medications, heart attacks |
| Diagnostic method | Blood tests |
| Differential diagnosis | Diabetic ketoacidosis |
| Treatment | Intravenous fluids, insulin, low molecular weight heparin, antibiotics |
| Prognosis | ~15% risk of death |
| Frequency | Relatively common |
| Classification | |
|---|---|
| External resources |
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) is a complication of diabetes mellitus in which high blood sugar results in high osmolarity without significant ketoacidosis. Symptoms include signs of dehydration, weakness, legs cramps, trouble seeing, and an altered level of consciousness. Onset is typically over days to weeks. Complications may include seizures, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, mesenteric artery occlusion, or rhabdomyolysis.
The main risk factor is a history of diabetes mellitus type 2. Occasionally it may occur in those without a prior history of diabetes or those with diabetes mellitus type 1. Triggers include infections, stroke, trauma, certain medications, and heart attacks. Diagnosis is based on blood tests finding a blood sugar greater than 30 mmol/L (600 mg/dL), osmolarity greater than 320 mOsm/kg, and a pH above 7.3.
Initial treatment generally consists of intravenous fluids to manage dehydration, intravenous insulin in those with significant ketones, low molecular weight heparin to decrease the risk of blood clotting, and antibiotics among those in whom there is concerns of infection. The goal is a slow decline in blood sugar levels.Potassium replacement is often required as the metabolic problems are corrected. Efforts to prevent diabetic foot ulcers are also important. It typically takes a few days for the person to return to baseline.
...
Wikipedia