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Toledot Yeshu


Sefer Toledot Yeshu (ספר תולדות ישו, The Book of the Generations/History/Life of Jesus), often abbreviated as Toledot Yeshu is an early Jewish text usually taken to be an alternative biography of Jesus. Most of the stories, as in Sotah 47a and Sanhedrin 43a and 107b, refer to the 2nd C BC Jeshua ha notzri, and not the Christian Jesus. It exists in a number of different versions, none of which are considered either canonical or normative within rabbinic literature, but which appear to have been widely circulated in Europe and the Middle East in the medieval period.

The stories claim that Jesus (Yeshu) was an illegitimate child, and that he practiced magic and heresy, seduced women, and died a shameful death. But they also show a paradoxical respect for Jesus. As Joseph Dan notes in the Encyclopedia Judaica, "The narrative in all versions treats Jesus as an exceptional person who from his youth demonstrated unusual wit and wisdom, but disrespect toward his elders and the sages of his age." Robert Van Voorst calls the Toledot a record of popular polemic "run wild". The Toledot’s profane portrayal of the person Christians consider divine has provided material for antisemitic polemics.

Both Jewish and Christian scholars in modern times have paid little attention to the Toledot. The opinion of Father Edward H. Flannery is representative:

This scurrilous fable of the life of Jesus is a medieval work, probably written down in the tenth century. .... Though its contents enjoyed a certain currency in the oral traditions of the Jewish masses, it was almost totally ignored by official or scholarly Judaism. Anti-Semites have not failed to employ it as an illustration of the blasphemous character of the Synagogue."


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