Titanium sponge

Titanium,  ₂₂Ti

General properties
Pronunciation	/tɪˈteɪniəm, taɪ-/​(tə-TAY-nee-əm, ty-)
Appearance	silvery grey-white metallic
Standard atomic weight (Ar, standard)	7001478670000000000♠47.867(1)
Titanium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson – ↑ Ti ↓ Zr scandium ← titanium → vanadium
Atomic number (Z)	22
Group	group 4
Period	period 4
Element category	transition metal
Block	d-block
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d2 4s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 10, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	1941 K ​(1668 °C, ​3034 °F)
Boiling point	3560 K ​(3287 °C, ​5949 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	4.506 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	4.11 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	14.15 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	425 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	25.060 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1982 2171 (2403) 2692 3064 3558
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2​(an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.54
Ionization energies	1st: 658.8 kJ/mol 2nd: 1309.8 kJ/mol 3rd: 2652.5 kJ/mol (more)
Atomic radius	empirical: 147 pm
Covalent radius	160±8 pm
Spectral lines
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	​hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
Speed of sound thin rod	5090 m/s (at r.t.)
Thermal expansion	8.6 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	21.9 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	420 nΩ·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility	+153.0·10−6 cm3/mol (293 K)
Young's modulus	116 GPa
Shear modulus	44 GPa
Bulk modulus	110 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.32
Mohs hardness	6.0
Vickers hardness	830–3420 MPa
Brinell hardness	716–2770 MPa
CAS Number	7440-32-6
History
Discovery	William Gregor (1791)
First isolation	Jöns Jakob Berzelius (1825)
Named by	Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1795)
Main isotopes of titanium
Iso­tope Abun­dance Half-life (t1/2) Decay mode Pro­duct 44Ti syn 63 y ε 44Sc γ – 46Ti 8.25% stable 47Ti 7.44% stable 48Ti 73.72% stable 49Ti 5.41% stable 50Ti 5.18% stable
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Titanium is a chemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It is a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, and high strength. Titanium is resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine.

Titanium was discovered in Cornwall, Great Britain, by William Gregor in 1791, and was named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth after the Titans of Greek mythology. The element occurs within a number of mineral deposits, principally rutile and ilmenite, which are widely distributed in the Earth's crust and lithosphere, and it is found in almost all living things, water bodies, rocks, and soils. The metal is extracted from its principal mineral ores by the Kroll and Hunter processes. The most common compound, titanium dioxide, is a popular and is used in the manufacture of white pigments. Other compounds include titanium tetrachloride (TiCl₄), a component of smoke screens and catalysts; and titanium trichloride (TiCl₃), which is used as a catalyst in the production of polypropylene.