Thyroid cancer
| Thyroid cancer | |
|---|---|
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| Micrograph (high power view) of papillary thyroid carcinoma demonstrating diagnostic features (nuclear clearing and overlapping nuclei). H&E stain. | |
| Classification and external resources | |
| Specialty | Oncology |
| ICD-10 | C73 |
| ICD-9-CM | 193 |
| MedlinePlus | 001213 |
| eMedicine | ent/646 |
| MeSH | D013964 |
Thyroid cancer is a cancer originating from follicular or parafollicular thyroid cells. These cells give rise to both well-differentiated cancers – papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) – and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), whose anaplastic cells are poorly differentiated. The second cell type, the C or parafollicular cell, produces the hormone calcitonin and is the cell of origin for medullary thyroid cancer (MTC).
The most effective management of aggressive thyroid cancers is surgical removal of thyroid gland (thyroidectomy) followed by radioactive iodine ablation and TSH-suppression therapy. Chemotherapy or radiotherapy may also be used in cases of distant metastases or advanced cancer stage.Five year survival rates are 98.1% in the United States.
Most often the first symptom of thyroid cancer is a nodule in the thyroid region of the neck. However, many adults have small nodules in their thyroids, but typically under 5% of these nodules are found to be cancerous. Sometimes the first sign is an enlarged lymph node. Later symptoms that can be present are pain in the anterior region of the neck and changes in voice due to an involvement of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.
Thyroid cancer is usually found in a euthyroid patient, but symptoms of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism may be associated with a large or metastatic well-differentiated tumor.
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