Tadbhava

Tadbhava (IPA: [t̪əd̪bʱəʋə]) is the Sanskrit word for one of three etymological classes defined by native grammarians of Middle Indo-Aryan languages. A "tadbhava" is a word with an Indo-Aryan origin and related to Sanskrit but which had been changed to fit the phonology of the Prakrit or Apabhraṃśa in question. Tadbhavas were distinguished from tatsamas, a term applied to borrowed words which retained their Sanskrit form, and deśi ("native"), a term applied to words that were not borrowings. In the modern context, the terms "tadbhava" and "tatsama" are applied to Sanskrit loanwords not only in Indo-Aryan languages, but also in Dravidian, Munda and other South Asian languages.

Modern Indo-Aryan languages have two classes of tadbhava words. The first covers words which have come to these languages from Old Indo-Aryan through Prakrit and Apabhraṃśa; these are also called deśi "native". A second class of tadbhava words in modern Indo-Aryan languages covers words which have their origin in Classical Sanskrit and which were originally borrowed into Prakrit or Apabhraṃśa as tatsamas but which, over the course of time, changed in form to fit the phonology of the recipient language. Words that were borrowed into a modern Indo-Aryan language itself as tatsamas, but which have since changed in form are often called ardhatatsamas or semi-tatsamas by modern linguists.

Tadbhava, tatsama and semi-tatsama forms derived from the same Indo-Aryan root sometimes coexist in modern Indo-Aryan languages. For example, the descendants of śraddha in Bengali include the tatsama sroddhā and the tadbhava form cheddā in addition to the inherited word sādh. Similarly, Sanskrit ājñā exists in modern Hindi as tadbhava āgyā and an inherited form ān (via Prakrit āṇa) in addition to the pure tatsama ājñā. In such cases, the use of tatsama forms in place of equivalent tadbhava or native forms is often seen by speakers of a language as a marker of a more chaste or literary form of the language as opposed to a more rustic or colloquial form. Often, however, a word exists only in one of the three possible forms, that is, only as a tadbhava, tatsama or semi-tatsama, or has different meanings in different forms. For example, reflexes of the Old Indo-Aryan word hṛdaya exists in Hindi both as a tatsama and as a tadbhava. However, the tatsama word hṛdaya means "heart" as in Sanskrit whereas the tadbhava hiyyā means "courage".

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