Tự Đức
| Tự Đức | |||||||||||||||||
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| Emperor of Đại Nam | |||||||||||||||||
Emperor Tự Đức (1829–1883)
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| Reign | 1847–1883 | ||||||||||||||||
| Predecessor | Thiệu Trị | ||||||||||||||||
| Successor | Dục Đức | ||||||||||||||||
| Died | 17 July 1883 (aged 53) | ||||||||||||||||
| Burial | Khiêm Lăng | ||||||||||||||||
| Spouse | Empress Lệ Thiên | ||||||||||||||||
| Issue |
Dục Đức (adoptive) Đồng Khánh (adoptive) Kiến Phúc (adoptive) |
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| House | Nguyễn Dynasty | ||||||||||||||||
| Father | Emperor Thiệu Trị | ||||||||||||||||
| Mother | Empress Nghi Thiên | ||||||||||||||||
| Full name | |
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| Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Nhậm (阮福洪任) Nguyễn Phúc Thì (阮福時) |
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| Era name and dates | |
| Tự Đức: 1848–1883 | |
| Posthumous name | |
| Thể thiên Hanh vận Chí thành Đạt hiếu Thể kiện Đôn nhân Khiêm cung Minh lược Duệ văn Anh Hoàng đế 世天亨運至誠達孝體健敦仁謙恭明略睿文英皇帝 |
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| Temple name | |
| Dực Tông (翼宗) |
| Tự Đức | |
| Vietnamese name | |
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| Vietnamese | Tự Đức |
| Hán-Nôm | |
| Birth name |
Tự Đức (22 September 1829 – 17 July 1883) (full name: Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Nhậm, also Nguyễn Phúc Thì) was the fourth emperor of the Nguyễn Dynasty of Vietnam; he ruled from 1847 to 1883.
The son of Emperor Thiệu Trị, Prince Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Nhậm was born on 22 September 1829, and succeeded his father on the throne, with the reigning title of Tự Đức, but family troubles caused his era to have a violent start. Thiệu Trị had passed over his more moderate eldest son, Hồng Bảo, to give the throne to Tự Đức, known for his staunch Confucianism and opposition to foreigners and innovation. As a result, and due to the repressive policies of the previous Nguyễn Dynasty emperor, there was now a great deal of dissatisfaction with Nguyễn rule and a legitimate royal figure to rally this opposition.
Prince Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Bảo became the leader of a rebellion against Tự Đức, consisting of Confucian scholars who were angered that the family hierarchy had been dishonored (by passing over the eldest son) some remaining supporters of the Lê Dynasty (who many still considered the legitimate dynasty of Vietnam) as well as the usual peasants angry over Nguyễn taxation and the usual corrupt mandarins as well as the Roman Catholic missionaries and Christian converts who had been so persecuted by Minh Mạng and Thiệu Trị. With swift military force, Tự Đức suppressed the rebellion and was set to execute his brother, but was dissuaded by his mother, Dowager queen Từ Dũ, and Hồng Bảo killed himself in prison.
Emperor Tự Đức continued the policies of his predecessors, shutting Vietnam off from the outside world and refusing all efforts to modernize the country. Accounts of his personal life show a gentle and educated man, but his policies brought on conflict with Europe that Vietnam could not win. He oppressed all foreigners in Vietnam, especially the Christian community, who had tried to overthrow his father, such as in the Lê Văn Khôi revolt, calling their religion a "perverse doctrine". The Christian mandarin Nguyễn Trường Tộ tried to convince Tự Đức that this was a suicidal policy, but he did not listen, confident that France was too involved with the chaos in Europe in 1848 to respond, but he was mistaken.
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Wikipedia