Tōdōza

The Tōdōza (当道座^?) was a Japanese guild for blind men, established in the 14th century by the biwa hōshi Akashi Kakuichi (明石覚一^?). Members performed a variety of roles, as itinerant musicians, masseurs, and acupuncturists. It received the patronage of the Muromachi and Edo shogunates, and remained active until the Meiji restoration, being eventually disbanded in 1871.

The organization was hierarchically structured. The primary ranks, known as mōkan (盲官^?, blind officers), were Kengyō (検校^?) (the highest), then Bettō (別当^?), Kōtō (勾当^?), and Zatō (座頭^?); these were further subdivided into a total of 73 distinct grades. Total membership was usually around 3,000; it is not known what proportion of the total blind population this represents.

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