Succession to Muhammad

The succession to Muhammad raises questions about the leadership of Islam after his death: Muhammad's successor, how they should be elected, conditions of legitimacy and the role of successor. Answers to these questions have led to several divisions in the Muslim community since the first century of Muslim history, giving rise to the Sunni, Shia and Khawarij schools. After Muhammad's death in AD 632, disagreement broke out over who should succeed him as leader of the Muslim community. Since none of his sons survived into adulthood, hereditary succession was not an option. Umar (Umar ibn al-Khattab), a prominent companion of Muhammad, nominated Abu Bakr. Others added their support, and Abu Bakr was made the first caliph. This choice was disputed by some of Muhammad's companions, who believed that Ali (Ali ibn Abi Talib), his cousin and son-in-law, had been designated his successor. During the First and Second Fitnas the Islamic community divided into a number of groups, each of which had a specific idea about successorship. After the Rashidun caliphate evolved into monarchies and sultanates, Sunnis held power in most areas; Shias emerged in opposition.

Sunnis believe that although Muhammad did not appoint a successor, Abu Bakr was elected the first caliph by the Muslim community and they recognize the first four caliphs as Muhammad's successors. Shias believe that Muhammad named his successor, Ali, at Ghadir Khumm; Muslim leadership belonged to the person determined by divine order. The two groups also disagree on Ali's attitude towards Abu Bakr and the two caliphs who succeeded him: Umar and Uthman ibn Affan. Sunnis and the Zaydis emphasize Ali's acceptance and support of their rule; according to the Twelver Shia, he distanced himself from them and was prevented from fulfilling the religious duty that Muhammad had given him. They maintain that if Ali was the rightful successor (as ordained by God), it would have been his duty as leader of the Muslim nation to make war with Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman; however, he had neither the military strength nor the willingness to wage civil war amongst the Muslims. Ali believed that he could fulfil his imamate without fighting.

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