Strymon (theme)
| Theme of Strymon Στρυμών, θέμα Στρυμόνος |
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| Theme of the Byzantine Empire | |||||
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| Capital | Serres | ||||
| Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||
| • | Established | probably 840s | |||
| • | Conquered by Latins | 1204 | |||
| • | Nicaean recovery | 1246 | |||
| • | Serres conquered by Serbs. | 1345 | |||
| Today part of |
 Greece
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The Theme of Strymon (Greek: θέμα Στρυμόνος) was a Byzantine military-civilian province (theme) located in modern Greek Macedonia, with the city of Serres as its capital. Founded probably by the mid-to-late 9th century, its history as an administrative history was chequered, being variously split up and/or united with neighbouring themes.
The theme covered the region between the Strymon and Nestos rivers, between the Rhodope mountains and the Aegean Sea. The area was strategically important. Not only did the theme control the exits to the mountain passes from the Slav-dominated interior of the Balkans into the coastal plains of Macedonia, but it was transversed by the great Via Egnatia highway, which linked Byzantine-controlled Thrace with Thessalonica, the Empire's second-largest city. The region was peopled predominantly with Slavs from the late 7th century on, and retained a significant Slavic population at least until the 11th century. Its main cities were Serres, Philippi, Christoupolis and Chrysopolis, while it may also initially have included the cities of Xanthi and Mosynopolis east of the Strymon.
In the 8th century, Strymon was a kleisoura of Macedonia. The exact date of its establishment as an independent theme is unknown, but it probably dates to the first half of the 9th century. A passage in Theophanes the Confessor dated to 809 may imply its existence already at that date, but its governor is not included in the list of offices known as the Taktikon Uspensky of c. 842. The strategos of Strymon first appears in the 899 Kletorologion, although a series of seals naming both archontes and strategoi of Strymon are known from the second quarter of the 9th century. In addition, the bishop of Serres was elevated to an archbishop at about the same time, a possible indication of the establishment of a thematic capital there. Several authors like the French Byzantinist Paul Lemerle support its creation in the late 840s, during Theoktistos's anti-Slavic campaigns, but historian Warren Treadgold considers it to have been become a full theme in c. 896, to counter the threat of the Bulgarian tsar Symeon I (r. 893–927).
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