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Stanisław II Augustus

Stanisław II August
August Poniatowski.jpg
Stanisław II August in coronation clothes.
Portrait by Marcello Bacciarelli
King of Poland
Grand Duke of Lithuania
Reign 7 September 1764 – 7 January 1795
Coronation 25 November 1764
St. John's Archcathedral, Warsaw
Predecessor Augustus III
Successor Partitions of Poland
Born (1732-01-17)17 January 1732
Wołczyn, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Died 12 February 1798(1798-02-12) (aged 66)
Saint Petersburg, Russia
Burial St. John's Archcathedral (Warsaw)
Issue
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Konstancja Żwanowa
Michał Cichocki
Michał Grabowski
Isabella Grabowska
Stanisław Konopnicy-Grabowski
Izabela Grabowska
Kazimierz Grabowski
Konstancja Grabowska
House Poniatowski
Father Stanisław Poniatowski
Mother Konstancja née Czartoryska
Signature

Stanisław II August (also Stanisław August Poniatowski; born Stanisław Antoni Poniatowski; 17 January 1732 – 12 February 1798) was the last King and Grand Duke of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1764–95). He remains a controversial figure in Polish history. Recognized as a great patron of the arts and sciences and an initiator and firm supporter of progressive reforms, he is also remembered as the last king of the Commonwealth whose election was marred by Russian involvement. He is criticized primarily for his failure to stand against the partitions, and thus to prevent the destruction of Poland.

Arriving at the Russian imperial court in Saint Petersburg in 1755, he became romantically involved with the twenty-six-year-old Catherine Alexeievna (the future Empress Catherine the Great, reigned 1762–1796), three years his senior. With her support, in 1764 he was elected king of Poland. Against expectations, he attempted to reform and strengthen the ailing Commonwealth. His efforts met with external opposition from Prussia, Russia and Austria, all interested in keeping the Commonwealth weak; and from internal conservative interests, which saw reforms as threatening their traditional liberties and prerogatives.

The defining crisis of his early reign, the War of the Bar Confederation (1768–1772), led to the First Partition of Poland (1772). The latter part of his reign saw reforms wrought by the Great Sejm (1788–1792) and the Constitution of 3 May 1791. These reforms were overthrown by the 1792 Targowica Confederation and by the War in Defense of the Constitution, leading directly to the Second Partition of Poland (1793), the Kościuszko Uprising (1794) and the final Third Partition of Poland (1795), marking the end of the Commonwealth. Stripped of all meaningful power, Poniatowski abdicated in November 1795 and spent the last years of his life in semi-captivity in Saint Petersburg.


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