The Kitava Study (A study of the diet and health of the people living on Kitava Island, Papua New Guinea; study of a people with a traditional, non-westernized diet)
Staffan Lindeberg, MD, PhD, (1950 - 2016) was an Associate Professor of Family Medicine at the Department of Medicine, University of Lund, Sweden. He was a practicing GP at St Lars Primary Health Care Center, Lund, Sweden, a medical researcher, and a passionate proponent of evolutionary nutrition.
His unexpected death at the age of 66 stunned the evolution based, paleo diet community. He did experience very healthful longevity until just before his death, but of course most people eating healthfully, and with excellent access to medical treatment, expect to live longer these days than 66. One thesis would be that while an evolution based diet increases healthful longevity, it won't necessarily increase absolute age of death - that may be a genetic factor. For example, not all Kitavans lived past 66. Another possibility is that he wasn't strictly following the diet and lifestyle espoused in his research.
Lindeberg was a leading researcher of an evolution-based, paleolithic diet.
Lindeberg's research was well accepted within the Paleolithic nutrition and popularized paleo diet communities. He was one of the few, though, who thought less meat and animal food products, and thus more plant food intake, was entirely consistent with evolutionary nutrition - as long as you exclude high-glycemic plant foods, grains and beans.
According to Harriet A. Hall, Lindeberg's Kitava study "provides food for thought; it doesn’t provide enough justification to recommend either a Kitavan diet or a standard 'Paleolithic diet' over other healthy diets."