Speyeria zerene
| Zerene fritillary | |
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| S. z. hippolyta | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Nymphalidae |
| Genus: | Speyeria |
| Species: | S. zerene |
| Binomial name | |
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Speyeria zerene Swainson, 1827 |
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Speyeria zerene, the zerene fritillary, is a species of butterfly found in the western portions of the United States and Canada.
Speyeria zerene is a medium-sized butterfly whose length ranges from 25–28 mm, and the wingspan is about 55 mm. The body of the butterfly is black with orange brown on the upperside of the wings. Also on the underside are black veins with black spots. The undersides of the wings have silver metallic spots. The wings and the body are both covered in fine hairs.
The native range spread from Washington state to California. They are now found in Oregon and California. As of 2013[update], they were found in numbers in Alpine County, California, at the 9,000 foot (2,700 m) level in the Sierra Nevada range. The best habitats for the butterflies are coastal salt spray meadows, montane meadows, and stabilized dunes. The grasslands provide larval host plants which are a very important component of their habitat.
About 15 subspecies are accepted.
In 1999, the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service initiated a recovery plan for Speyeria zerene. The recovery program helped establish breeding programs in several zoos and colleges that provide captive rearing for Speyeria zerene. In late summer, female butterflies are captured after they have mated and then transferred to a facility where they are induced to lay eggs. After the eggs hatch, the larvae are stored in a refrigerator over winter in order to replicate the conditions of the season. After the winter dormancy, the larvae are fed and cared for until they pupate or are large enough to be returned to the wild.
Other programs that are being implemented to help the wild population include the regular mowing of meadows by private home owners, and especially habitat restoration for properties owned by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. One of the most essential components of the Speyeria zerene habitat is the blue violet, or Viola adunca; it is used for the food and shelter of the early stages of a larva's life. However, the blue violet is also threatened by invasive species and the overgrowth of shrubs and trees in meadows. The facilities that have established breeding programs for the butterflies have also set up nurseries for the blue violets. These nurseries are mainly used to provide food for the larvae reared in these facilities, but some violets are also transported and planted in restoration sites.
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Wikipedia