Sonom
| Sonom | |||||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 索諾木 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 索诺木 | ||||||||
|
|||||||||
| Tibetan name | |||||||||
| Tibetan | bSod-nams | ||||||||
| Transcriptions | |
|---|---|
| Standard Mandarin | |
| Hanyu Pinyin | Suǒnuòmù |
| Wade–Giles | So-no-mu |
Sonom (died circa June 13–14, 1776) was a king of the Gyalrong people in China. He was the lord-lama of Greater Jinchuan. He was executed after his January 1776 defeat in the Ten Great Campaigns.
Sonom was the fourth son of Langkya , who was the previous ruler of Greater Jinchuan. Sonom's mother was Atsang , and his eldest brother was Shaloben Gangdak.
According to the Jinchuan suoji ("Petty Notes on Jinchuan") 3 by Li Xinheng , a paternal aunt of Sonom was the wife of Senggesang . Langkya's daughter married Senggesang. Therefore, Langkya is also Sonom's great-uncle.
Sonom's grandfather was Leržirhi . One of Sonom's aunts was Atsing . He had a nephew, Dundju Wangdjar.
Sonom, along with Langyka, supported Senggesang's military campaigns. They argued in favor of their actions in reports they sent to the Chinese government. At 19 sui Sonom became the leader of Greater Jichuan after Langkya's death. At the beginning of his rule, Atsang and Atsing assisted him. Ulrich Theobald, author of "The Second Jinchuan Campaign (1771 – 1776) Economic, Social and Political Aspects of an Important Qing Period Border War", wrote that Sonom "hesitated a long time before promising his support to Lesser Jinchuan during the second Jinchuan war."
In January 1776 his forces were defeated in the Jinchuan wars of the Ten Great Campaigns. He and his family were presented to the Emperor of China.
Circa June 13–14, 1776, Sonom and other rebel leaders were executed by lingchi. Of his family, some of the women were enslaved and given to lords of the Ölöd Mongol and Solun. Other women and the children were sentenced to life imprisonment (永遠監禁; 永远监禁; Yǒngyuǎn jiānjìn; Yung-yüan Chien-chin).
The 1988 book Hmong: History of a People by H. Keith Quincy stated that Sonom was a Hmong king. The book by Quincy, cited by others, stated that in 1772 Sonom had defeated a Chinese army and that Sonom had held the Chinese government forces at bay for four years. According to the Quincy account, ultimately Sonom surrendered when the Chinese promised that his family would survive if he did so. Instead he and his family were executed. Paul Hillmer, the author of the A People’s History of the Hmong, wrote that "This compelling story helps set a dramatic tone for discussing the Hmong's life of hardship in China".
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