Siméon-François Berneux

Siméon-François Berneux
Bishop Berneux was tortured and then beheaded on March 8, 1866.
Korean name
Hangul	장경일
Hanja	張敬一
Revised Romanization	Jang Gyeong-il
McCune–Reischauer	Chang Kyŏngil

Siméon-François Berneux (14 May 1814 – 8 March 1866) was a French Catholic missionary to Asia, and a member of the Paris Foreign Missions Society who was canonized as a saint. Berneux was executed in the anti-Christian purges at Saenamteo, Seoul, Korea, in 1866. His death provoked the French campaign against Korea the same year.

Siméon-François Berneux was born in Château-du-Loir on May 14, 1814, and entered the Seminary of Foreign Missions in 1831 at the age of seventeen. In 1843 he entered the Seminary of Le Mans to complete his studies. He was ordained on May 20, 1837, and appointed as Professor of Theology at the Foreign Missions Seminary in October 1838.

Berneux departed from Le Havre on February 12, 1840, and arrived at Anyer in Java on May 31. He spent the summer in Manila before sailing to Macau. In January 1841 he sailed to Tonkin. In Vietnam he was imprisoned and taken to Huế for trial, where he arrived on May 28. In 1842 he was convicted of proselytism and sentenced to death, a sentence which was indefinitely postponed. He was released on March 12, 1843, and set sail to return to France. However, at the Isle of Bourbon (now Réunion), he received permission to return to Macao. He was appointed to begin missions in Manchuria, and arrived in the Liaodong Peninsula on March 15, 1844.

Berneux was consecrated as bishop on December 27, 1854, appointed titular bishop of Gafsa and Apostolic Vicar of Korea. The previous Apostolic Vicar of Korea, Jean-Joseph-Jean-Baptiste Ferréol, had been consecrated in 1843 and ministered in Korea from 1845 until his death in 1853. Berneux sailed from Shanghai to Korea in January 1856 on a Chinese ship, arriving in Korean waters on March 15. They met a vessel owned by Korean Christians on Good Friday and were landed near Seoul. Entering the city on foot, Berneux and his company were taken to the house of Marie-Nicolas-Antoine Daveluy, a French priest who had come to Korea along with Bishop Ferréol. Berneux set up a residence in Seoul, living and working secretly.