Silicon monoxide
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Preferred IUPAC name
Silicon monoxide
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3D model (Jmol)
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| ChEBI | |
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.030.198 |
| EC Number | 233-232-8 |
| 382 | |
| MeSH | Silicon+monoxide |
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PubChem CID
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| Properties | |
| SiO | |
| Molar mass | 44.08 g/mol |
| Appearance | brown-black glassy solid |
| Density | 2.13 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 1,702 °C (3,096 °F; 1,975 K) |
| Boiling point | 1,880 °C (3,420 °F; 2,150 K) |
| insoluble | |
| Hazards | |
| NFPA 704 | |
| Flash point | Non-flammable |
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Other anions
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Silicon sulfide Silicon selenide Silicon telluride |
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Other cations
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Carbon monoxide Germanium(II) oxide Tin(II) oxide Lead(II) oxide |
| Silicon dioxide | |
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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 (what is   ?) |
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| Infobox references | |
Silicon monoxide is the chemical compound with the formula SiO where silicon is present in the oxidation state +2. In the vapour phase it is a diatomic molecule. It has been detected in stellar objects and it has been described as the most common oxide of silicon in the universe.
When SiO gas is cooled rapidly, it condenses to form a brown/black polymeric glassy material, (SiO)n, which is available commercially and used to deposit films of SiO. Glassy (SiO)n is air- and moisture-sensitive. Its surface readily oxidizes in air at room temperature, giving an SiO2 surface layer that protects the material from further oxidation. However, (SiO)n irreversibly disproportionates into SiO2 and Si in a few hours between 400 and 800°C, and very rapidly between 1,000 and 1,440°C, although the reaction does not go to completion.
The first precise report on the formation of SiO was in 1887 by the chemist Charles F. Maybery (1850–1927) at the Case School of Applied Science in Cleveland. Maybery claimed that SiO formed as an amorphous greenish-yellow substance with a vitreous luster when silica was reduced with charcoal in the absence of metals in an electric furnace. The substance was always found at the interface between the charcoal and silica particles. By investigating some of the chemical properties of the substance, its specific gravity, and a combustion analysis, Maybery deduced that the substance must be SiO. The equation representing the partial chemical reduction of SiO2 with C can be represented as:
Complete reduction of SiO2 with twice the amount of carbon yields elemental silicon and twice the amount of carbon monoxide. In 1890, the German chemist Clemens Winkler (the discoverer of germanium) was the first to attempt to synthesize SiO by heating silicon dioxide with silicon in a combustion furnace.
However, Winkler was not able to produce the monoxide since the temperature of the mixture was only around 1000°C. The experiment was repeated in 1905 by Henry Noel Potter (1869–1942), a Westinghouse engineer. Using an electric furnace, Potter was able to attain a temperature of 1700°C and observe the generation of SiO.Potter also investigated the properties and applications of the solid form of SiO.
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