Siculo-Arabic
| Siculo-Arabic | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Emirate of Sicily |
| Era | 900–1100 |
|
Afro-Asiatic
|
|
| Arabic alphabet | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | |
| Glottolog | None |
Siculo-Arabic (or Sicilian Arabic) was a vernacular variety of Arabic once spoken in the islands of Sicily and neighbouring Malta between the end of the ninth century and the end of the twelfth century. The language became extinct in Sicily, but on the islands of Malta it eventually evolved into what is now the Maltese language.
During the 7th and 8th centuries, Sicily was raided from Tunis. The eventual Muslim Arab conquest of Byzantine Sicily was piecemeal and slow. The region was a frontier zone, even after the fall of Taormina in 902, which completed the invasion. By then, Arabic had become the main language of the island. Its mixed population of Muslims and Greek-speaking Orthodox Christians continued to use Arabic, even after the Norman conquest of the island (1061–1090).
In the post-conquest period, both Arabic and Greek were sometimes used by the new rulers. However, Arabic was dropped as a language of government in 1117. It was revived in 1132 and subsequently used in the king's fiscal administration, which managed royal lands and men in Sicily and Calabria. The chancery office operated in Arabic, Greek and Latin. The many documents that it issued are one of the main and most important sources for Arabic in Sicily.
Although the Norman rulers employed Arabic, and some were attested as Arabic speakers themselves, the dynasty died out after only a century, and their successors expelled the remaining Muslims in the 13th century.
Arabic influence is present in a small number of Sicilian words. Most of these terms relate to agriculture and related activities.
Although Siculo-Arabic died out in Sicily, it survived on Malta, with additional influences from Sicilian, Italian, French and, more recently, English. Some items of Siculo-Arabic vocabulary are comparable with later items found in Maltese. The Sicilian language absorbed many Siculo-Arabic words, with those shown in the table a small sample:
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