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Shimonoseki Expedition, Japan

Shimonoseki Campaign (下関戦争・馬関戦争)
Part of the Chōshū Rebellion
Shimonoseki.JPG
Capture of a Choshu battery at Shimonoseki by British sailors and marines; picture taken by Felice Beato
Date 20 July – 14 August 1863,
5–6 September 1864
Location Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, Japan
Result Allied victory
Belligerents
 British Empire
French Empire
 Netherlands
 United States
Ichimonjimitsuboshi.svg Chōshū Domain
Commanders and leaders
Sir Augustus Leopold Kuper
Benjamin Jaurès
Kingdom of the Netherlands François de Casembroot
United States David McDougal
Ichimonjimitsuboshi.svg Lord Mōri Takachika
Ichimonjimitsuboshi.svg Takasugi Shinsaku
Strength
Land:
2,000
Sea:
28 warships
Land:
1,500
100 artillery pieces
Sea:
6 warships
40 war-junks
Casualties and losses
72 killed or wounded
2 warships damaged
47 killed or wounded

The Shimonoseki Campaign (Japanese: 下関戦争/馬関戦争?, Hepburn: Shimonoseki Sensō/Bakan Sensō) refers to a series of military engagements in 1863 and 1864, fought to control Shimonoseki Straits of Japan by joint naval forces from Great Britain, France, the Netherlands and the United States, against the Japanese feudal domain of Chōshū, which took place off and on the coast of Shimonoseki, Japan.

The Japanese term for this event translates to the Shimonoseki War.

Despite efforts of appeasement by the Tokugawa shogunate to establish an atmosphere of peaceful solidarity, many feudal daimyōs remained bitterly resentful of the shogunate's open-door policy to foreign trade. Belligerent opposition to European and American influence erupted into open conflict when the Emperor Kōmei, breaking with centuries of imperial tradition, began to take an active role in matters of state and issued on March 11 and April 11, 1863 his "Order to expel barbarians" (攘夷実行の勅命 – Jōi jikkō no chokumei).

The Chōshū clan, under the daimyō Mōri Takachika, began to take action to expel all foreigners after the deadline of the 10th day of the 5th month, by the traditional Japanese calendar. Openly defying the shogunate, Takachika ordered his forces to fire without warning on all foreign ships traversing Shimonoseki Strait. This strategic but treacherous 600-meter waterway separates the islands of Honshū and Kyūshū and provides a passage connecting the Inland Sea with the Sea of Japan.


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