Second Manchu invasion of Korea

Part of Korean–Jurchen conflicts, Qing conquest of the Ming

Date	December 9, 1636 – January 30, 1637
Location	Northern Korean Peninsula
Result	Qing victory

Belligerents

Joseon

Qing

Commanders and leaders

Im Gyeong-eop
Shin Gyeong-won
Hong Myeong-gu †
Kim Jun-yong
Min Yeong †

Huang Taiji
Dorgon
Tatara Inggūldai

Strength

80,000~90,000

140,000

Casualties and losses

Unknown

Second Manchu invasion of Korea
Hangul
Hanja
Revised Romanization	Byeongja horan
McCune–Reischauer	Pyŏngcha horan

The second Manchu invasion of Korea occurred in 1636, when the Manchu Qing Empire defeated Korea's Joseon dynasty, forcing it to recognize the Qing Empire as the rightful dynasty of China, instead of the previous Ming Dynasty. It followed the first Manchu invasion of Korea of 1627.

After the first invasion of 1627, the Joseon Dynasty continued to defy the Manchurians. Trade was in bad condition and Korea did not return fugitives from Later Jin. In addition, Korea took a defiant attitude when Hong Taiji declared the new dynasty of Qing. The Manchu delegates Inggūldai and Mafuta got a cold reception in Hanseong (Seoul) where Korean soldiers stood in the shadow. The delegates were shocked and fled back to Qing.

The Korean court was dominated by the pro-war party. However, they did not enhance military power. In addition, a warlike message to Pyongan-do was carelessly allowed to be seized by Inggūldai.

In the winter, Hong Taiji himself led Manchu, Mongol, and Chinese Banners and Mongol army of 120,000 to Korea. Instead of battling the forces of Im Gyeong Eop at the Baegma fortress in Uiju, Dodo, leading the vanguard, instead rushed straight to Hanseong to prevent King Injo from evacuating to Ganghwa Island as Korean kings traditionally did.

Failing to escape to the island, the king took refuge at the Namhan Mountain Fortress, which was immediately besieged by the Manchu army. The Korean army in the fortress suffered from scarcity of food and ammunition. While Korean officials had unrealistic debates, Dorgon occupied Ganghwa Island in a day and captured the second son and consorts of King Injo.

...
Wikipedia