Second East Turkestan Republic
| East Turkestan Republic | ||||||||||
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شەرقىي تۈركىستان جۇمھۇرىيىتى 東突厥斯坦共和國 |
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| Satellite state of the Soviet Union | ||||||||||
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 The Ili, Tarbagatay, and Altay districts (red) in which the East Turkestan Republic orgiinated before expanding to all of "Xinjiang".
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| Capital | Ghulja | |||||||||
| Languages |
Uyghur Kazakh Russian |
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| Government | Single-party socialist republic | |||||||||
| President | Ali Khan Türe (1944–1946) | |||||||||
| Ehmetjan Qasimi (1946–1949) | ||||||||||
| History | ||||||||||
| • | Established | November 12, 1944 | ||||||||
| • | Disestablished | December 20, 1949 | ||||||||
| Currency | Som | |||||||||
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The Second East Turkestan Republic, commonly referred to simply as the East Turkestan Republic (ETR), was a short-lived Soviet-backed Turkic socialist people's republic. The ETR existed in the 1940s (November 12, 1944 – December 20, 1949) in Xinjiang. It began as a revolution in three northern districts (Ili, Tarbaghatai, Altai) of Xinjiang Province of the Republic of China, resulting in the Ili Rebellion. The rest of Xinjiang was under Kuomintang control. This region is now the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China (PRC). ETR was the first phase of the Three Districts Revolution (1944-1949).
From 1934 to 1941 Xinjiang was under the influence of the Soviet Union. The local warlord Sheng Shicai was dependent on the Soviet Union for military support and trade. Soviet troops entered Xinjiang twice, in 1934 and 1937, for a limited periods of time to give direct military support to Sheng Shicai's regime. After suppressing the 36th Division General Ma Chung-yin in 1934 and the withdrawal of Soviet troops in 1935, the USSR sent a commission to Xinjiang to draw up a plan for reconstruction of the province, led by Stalin's brother-in-law, Deputy Chief of Soviet State Bank, Alexander Svanidze, which resulted in a Soviet five-year loan of five million gold rubles to Sheng Shicai's regime. The draft was signed by Sheng Shicai on May 16, 1935, without consultation or approval by the Central Government of China. After Soviet intervention in 1937 and quelling of both Tungan and Uyghur rebels on the South of Xinjiang with liquidation of the 36th Tungan Division and 6th Uyghur Division, the Soviet Government did not withdraw all Soviet troops. A regiment of soldiers from the Ministry of Internal Affairs remained in Kumul beginning in October 1937, in order to prevent a possible offensive from the Imperial Japanese Army into Xinjiang through Inner Mongolia. In exchange, concessions were granted for oil wells, tin and tungsten mines, and trade terms highly favorable to the USSR.
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