S-125 Neva

S-125 Neva/Pechora NATO reporting name: SA-3 Goa
Peruvian Air Force Pechora
Type	Strategic SAM system
Place of origin	Soviet Union
Service history
In service	1961–present
Used by	See list of present and former operators
Wars	Yom Kippur War, Kosovo War, Iran–Iraq War, Gulf War, Angolan Civil War
Production history
Designer	Almaz Central Design Bureau
Designed	1960s
Manufacturer	JSC Defense Systems (Pechora-M)
Produced	1961–present
Variants	Neva, Pechora, Volna, Neva-M, Neva-M1, Volna-M, Volna-N, Volna-P, Pechora 2, Pechora 2M, Newa SC, Pechora-M

V-600
V-600 missiles on the S-125 quadruple launcher.
Type	Surface-to-air missile
Place of origin	Soviet Union
Production history
Variants	V-600, V-601
Specifications (V-601)
Weight	953 kg
Length	6.09 m
Diameter	375 mm
Warhead	Frag-HE
Warhead weight	60 kg
Detonation mechanism	Proximity fuse
Wingspan	2.2 m
Propellant	Solid propellant rocket motor
Operational range	35 kilometres (22 mi)
Flight altitude	18,000 metres (59,000 ft)
Guidance system	RF CLOS

The S-125 Neva/Pechora (Russian: С-125 "Нева"/"Печора", NATO reporting name SA-3 Goa) Soviet surface-to-air missile system was designed by Aleksei Mihailovich Isaev to complement the S-25 and S-75. It has a shorter effective range and lower engagement altitude than either of its predecessors and also flies slower, but due to its two-stage design it is more effective against more maneuverable targets. It is also able to engage lower flying targets than the previous systems, and being more modern it is much more resistant to ECM than the S-75. The 5V24 (V-600) missiles reach around Mach 3 to 3.5 in flight, both stages powered by solid fuel rocket motors. The S-125, like the S-75, uses radio command guidance. The naval version of this system has the NATO reporting name SA-N-1 Goa and original designation M-1 Volna (Russian Волна – wave).

The S-125 was first deployed between 1961 and 1964 around Moscow, augmenting the S-25 and S-75 sites already ringing the city, as well as in other parts of the USSR. In 1964, an upgraded version of the system, the S-125M "Neva-M" and later S-125M1 "Neva-M1" was developed. The original version was designated SA-3A by the US DoD and the new Neva-M named SA-3B and (naval) SA-N-1B. The Neva-M introduced a redesigned booster and an improved guidance system. The SA-3 was not used against U.S. forces in Vietnam, because the Soviets feared that China (after the souring of Sino-Soviet relations in 1960), through which most, if not all of the equipment meant for North Vietnam had to travel, would try to copy the missile.