Rumyantsev Museum

The Rumyantsev Museum (Румянцевский музей) was Moscow's first public museum. It evolved from the personal art collection and library of Count Nikolay Rumyantsev (1754–1826), the last of his family.

The Rumyantsev collection was opened to the general public in 1831. It occupied the Rumyantsev House on English Quay in St. Petersburg. The museum's library was its most valuable part, since 1845 affiliated with the Imperial Public Library. It was coveted by the city of Moscow which had no public library of its own. It was Prince Vladimir Odoevsky who suggested to transfer the library to Moscow. His suggestion was approved by the Council of Ministers in 1861.

The Pashkov House opposite the Moscow Kremlin was acquired to house the Rumyantsev Museum. St. Petersburgers did not welcome the relocation but were powerless to prevent it. Alexander II of Russia donated the enormous painting The Appearance of Christ before the People (Alexander Ivanov's magnum opus) for the opening of the museum. Once relocated to Moscow, the Rumyantsev collection was further augmented by valuable bequests, including Sontsov's cabinet of ancient coins.

The Rumyantsev Museum was split into the departments of painting, engraving, numismatics, and archaeology. Another department, known as the Dashkov Museum, was established after the All-Russian Ethnographic Exhibition of 1867. It was an important centre of ethnography displaying items collected by Yuri Lisyansky, Ivan Krusenstern, and other Russian travellers.

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