Roman Psalter

The Latin Psalters are the translations of the Book of Psalms into the Latin language. They are the premier liturgical resource used in the Liturgy of the Hours of the Latin Rites of the Roman Catholic Church. These translations are typically placed in a separate volume or a section of the breviary called the psalter, in which the psalms are arranged to be prayed at the canonical hours of the day. In the Middle Ages, psalters were often lavish illuminated manuscripts, and in the Romanesque and early Gothic period were the type of book most often chosen to be richly illuminated by the clergy.

The Latin Church has a diverse selection of more-or-less different translations of the psalms. Three of these translations, the Romana, Gallicana, and juxta Hebraicum, are traditionally ascribed to Jerome, the author of the Latin Vulgate. Two of these translations, the Pian and New Vulgate versions, were made in the 20th century.

Many of these translations are actually quite similar to each other, especially in style: the Roman, Gallican, Ambrosian, and Mozarabic psalters have relatively few differences between them. The concord among these similar psalters is attributable to a common original translation from the Greek Septuagint. The New Vulgate psalter, though stylistically similar to these, diverges rather more from these traditional psalters insofar as it more closely follows the Hebrew Masoretic text. Two of these psalters stand apart as independent translations from the Hebrew: Jerome's juxta Hebraicum and the Pian version.

Also called the Psalterium Vetus, the psalter of the Old Latin Bible. Quotations from the Psalms in Latin authors show that a number of related but disctinct Old Latin versions were circulating in the 4th century. These had by then substantially replaced the older latin 'Cyprianic Psalter' found in the works of Tertullian and Cyprian of Carthage, and are thought to be revisions of a lost 4th century text. The African revision, the one found in quotations from Augustine of Hippo, survives in the Verona Psalter. Another revision current in Gaul (known as the "psautier gaulois" so as not to be confused with the 'Gallican Psalter") is found in the Psalter of Saint-Germain-des-Prés (BNF Lat. 11947). Other versions continued in liturgical use into the medieval period; the Ambrosian, the Roman and the Mozarabic.

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