Roland of Siena
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Pope Alexander III |
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Alexander III with Barbarossa and his wife
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| Papacy began | 7 September 1159 |
| Papacy ended | 30 August 1181 |
| Predecessor | Adrian IV |
| Successor | Lucius III |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 20 September 1159 by Ubaldo Allucingoli |
| Created Cardinal | October 1150 by Eugene III |
| Personal details | |
| Birth name | Roland of Siena |
| Born | c. 1100–05 Siena, Holy Roman Empire |
| Died | 30 August 1181 Civita Castellana, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire |
| Previous post |
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Papal styles of Pope Alexander III |
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| Reference style | His Holiness |
| Spoken style | Your Holiness |
| Religious style | Holy Father |
| Posthumous style | none |
Pope Alexander III (c. 1100/1105 – 30 August 1181), born Roland of Siena, was Pope from 7 September 1159 to his death in 1181.
Through the Papal bull Manifestis Probatum, issued on 23 May 1179, he recognized the right of Afonso I to proclaim himself King of Portugal, thus recognizing Portugal as an independent and sovereign Kingdom. He also laid the foundation stone for the Notre-Dame de Paris.
Pope Alexander III was born in Siena. From 14th century he is referred to as a member of the aristocratic family of Bandinelli, although this has not been proven. He was long thought to be the 12th-century canon lawyer and theologian Master Roland of Bologna, who composed the "Stroma" or "Summa Rolandi"—one of the earliest commentaries on the Decretum of Gratian—and the "Sententiae Rolandi", a sentence collection displaying the influence of Pierre Abélard, but John T. Noonan and Rudolf Weigand have shown this to be another Rolandus.
He probably studied at Bologna, where Robert of Torigni notes that he taught theology. In October 1150, Pope Eugene III created him Cardinal-Deacon of Santi Cosma e Damiano. Later he became Cardinal-Priest of St Mark. In 1153, he became papal chancellor and was the leader of the cardinals opposed to German Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa. He negotiated the Treaty of Benevento, which restored peaceful relations between Rome and the Kingdom of Sicily.
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