River herring
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Alosa Temporal range: 55–0 Ma Eocene to present |
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| Twaite shad, Alosa fallax | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Clupeiformes |
| Family: | Clupeidae |
| Subfamily: | Alosinae |
| Genus: |
Alosa H. F. Linck, 1790 |
| Species | |
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See text. |
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| Synonyms | |
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Caspialosa |
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| This article is one of a series on |
| Commercial fish |
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| Large pelagic |
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billfish, bonito mackerel, salmon shark, tuna |
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| Forage |
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anchovy, herring menhaden, sardine shad, sprat |
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| Demersal |
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cod, eel, flatfish pollock, ray |
| Mixed |
| carp, tilapia |
See text.
Caspialosa
Pomolobus
Alosa is a genus of fish, the river herrings, in the family Clupeidae. Along with other genera in the subgenus Alosinae, they are generally known as shads. They are distinct from other herrings by having a deeper body and spawning in rivers. Several species can be found on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Also, several taxa occur in the brackish-water Caspian Sea and the Black Sea basin. Many are found in fresh water during spawning and some are only found in landlocked fresh water.
These fishes lived from the Eocene to Quaternary (from 55 to 0.0 million years ago). Fossils have been found in Canada, Unites States, Greece, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Hungary, Romania and Italy.
Alosa species are generally dark on the back and top of the head, with blue, violet, or greenish tints. However, some can be identified as having a grey or green back. Spots are commonly found behind the head, and the fins may vary from species to species or individually. Most species of Alosa weigh 300 grams (11 oz) or less, with one species, A. pontica, weighing up to 2 kg.
Shads are thought to be unique among the fishes in having evolved an ability to detect ultrasound (sound at frequencies above 20 kHz, which is the limit of human hearing). This was first discovered by fisheries biologists studying a type of shad known as blueback herring, and was later verified in laboratory studies of hearing in American shad. This ability is thought to help them avoid dolphins that find prey using echolocation. Alosa species are generally pelagic. They are mostly anadromous or semianadromous with the exception of strictly freshwater landlocked species.Alosa species are generally migratory and schooling fish. Males usually mature about a year before females; they spawn in the late spring to summer. Most individuals die shortly after spawning.Alosa species are seemingly very adaptive vertebrates, so can change readily to adapt to their environments, as species are found in a variety of temperatures and waters.
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