In spite of some attempts to launch radio in France as soon as the end of the 19th century, it was developed only during the Interwar period. After World War II, radio in France became a public monopoly and was "liberated" in 1981 with the influence of François Mitterrand. Independent stations are licensed and regulated by the CSA while several public radio services are provided by Radio France. There are also "peripheral" services (mostly on longwave) broadcasting programming into France from Monaco, Andorra, Luxembourg and Germany.