RMS Britannia Class

Britannia of 1840, the first Cunard liner built for the transatlantic
Class overview
Builders:	Robert Duncan & Co., John & Charles Wood, Robert Steele & Co.
Operators:	Cunard Line
Succeeded by:	America Class
Subclasses:	Hibernia Class
Built:	1840–1845
Completed:	6
Lost:	3
General characteristics : Britanna, Acadia,Caledonia & Columbia
Tonnage:	1150 GRT
Length:	207 ft (63 m)
Beam:	34 ft (10 m)
Propulsion:	Robert Napier and Sons two-cylinder side-lever steam engine, 740 indicated horsepower, paddle wheels
Speed:	9 knots (17 km/h; 10 mph)
General characteristics : Hibernia & Cambria
Tonnage:	1400 GRT
Length:	219 ft (67 m)
Beam:	35 ft (11 m)
Propulsion:	Napier two-cylinder side-lever steam engine, 1040 indicated horsepower, paddle wheels
Speed:	9.5 knots (17.6 km/h; 10.9 mph)

The Britannia-class was the Cunard Line's initial fleet of wooden paddlers that established the first year round scheduled Atlantic steamship service in 1840. By 1845, steamships carried half of the transatlantic saloon passengers and Cunard dominated this trade. While the units of the Britannia class were solid performers, they were not superior to many of the other steamers being placed on the Atlantic at that time. What made the Britannia’s successful is that they were the first homogeneous class of transatlantic steamships to provide a frequent and uniform service. Britannia, Acadia and Caledonia were commissioned in 1840 and Columbia in 1841 enabling Cunard to provide the dependable schedule of sailings required under his mail contracts with the Admiralty. It was these mail contracts that enabled Cunard to survive when all of his early competitors failed.

Cunard’s ships were reduced versions of Great Western and only carried 115 passengers in conditions that Charles Dickens unfavorably likened to a "gigantic hearse". Mean 1840 – 1841 Liverpool - Halifax times for the quartette were 13 days, 6 hours (7.9 knots) westbound and 11 days, 3 hours (9.3 knots) eastbound. The initial four units were insufficient to meet the contracted sailings, and an enhanced unit, the Hibernia was commissioned in 1843. When Columbia was wrecked in 1843 without loss of life, Cambria was ordered to replace her.

In 1849 and 1850, the surviving original units along with Hibernia were sold to foreign navies after completing forty round trips for Cunard. Cambria remained in the Cunard fleet for another decade.

In his initial negotiations with Admiral Parry, Samuel Cunard contemplated a fortnightly service from Liverpool to Halifax and onto Boston using three 800 GRT steamers. This was 40% smaller than Great Western, which had just entered service from Bristol to New York. When completed, the Cunard’s ships grew to 1150 GRT but were still 15% smaller than Great Western. The other steamships under construction for Atlantic service at the time were also bigger than Cunard’s initial units. Cunard’s final contract added a fourth unit to insure that the fortnightly schedule could be maintained ten months a year with sailings during the height of winter reduced to monthly.

Samuel Cunard's major backer was Robert Napier, whose Robert Napier and Sons was the Royal Navy's supplier of steam engines. For the Britannia-class, Napier designed a two-cylinder side lever engine that produced 740 indicated horsepower, just ten horsepower less than Great Western. Unlike most other Atlantic steamers, Britannia’s boilers were located aft of her engines and paddle wheels, resulting in a unique profile. The ships had three masts and full rigging for sails. To speed delivery, construction of the wooden hulls was contracted to three Clyde ship yards.