Proto-fascism

Proto-fascism refers to the direct predecessor ideologies that influenced and formed the basis of fascism. A prominent proto-fascist figure is Gabriele d'Annunzio, the Italian nationalist whose politics influenced Benito Mussolini and Italian Fascism. Proto-fascist political movements include the Italian Nationalist Association (ANI), the German National Association of Commercial Employees (DHV) and the German National People's Party (DNVP).

Precedence to modern fascism can be seen in the culture and government of older nations based heavily in high culture and law and order, such as the Roman Empire and the ancien regimes of Europe.

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