Prediction models
In telecommunication, free-space path loss (FSPL) is the loss in signal strength of an electromagnetic wave that would result from a line-of-sight path through free space (usually air), with no obstacles nearby to cause reflection or diffraction. It is defined in "Standard Definitions of Terms for Antennas", IEEE Std 145-1983, as "The loss between two isotropic radiators in free space, expressed as a power ratio." Usually it is expressed in dB, although the IEEE standard does not say that. So it assumes that the antenna gain is a power ratio of 1.0, or 0 dB. It does not include any loss associated with hardware imperfections, or the effects of any antenna gains. A discussion of these losses may be found in the article on link budget. The FSPL is rarely used standalone, but rather as a part of the Friis transmission equation, which includes the gain of antennas.
Free-space path loss is proportional to the square of the distance between the transmitter and receiver, and also proportional to the square of the frequency of the radio signal.
The equation for FSPL is
where:
This equation is only accurate in the far field where spherical spreading can be assumed; it does not hold close to the transmitter.
A convenient way to express FSPL is in terms of dB:
where the units are as before.
For typical radio applications, it is common to find measured in units of GHz and in km, in which case the FSPL equation becomes
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