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Pramlintide

Pramlintide
Pramlintide sequence.svg
Golden line indicates disulfide bond
Clinical data
Trade names Symlin
AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph
MedlinePlus a605031
Pregnancy
category
  • US: C (Risk not ruled out)
Routes of
administration
Subcutaneous
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 30 to 40%
Protein binding ~60%
Metabolism Renal
Biological half-life ~48 minutes
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEMBL
Chemical and physical data
Formula C171H269N51O53S2
Molar mass 3951.41 g/mol
3D model (Jmol)
 NYesY (what is this?)  

Pramlintide (trade name Symlin) is an injectable amylin analogue drug for diabetes (both type 1 and 2), developed by Amylin Pharmaceuticals (now a wholly owned subsidiary of AstraZeneca). Pramlintide is sold as an acetate salt.

Pramlintide is an analogue of amylin, a small peptide hormone that is released into the bloodstream by the β cells of the pancreas along with insulin after a meal. Like insulin, amylin is completely absent in individuals with Type I diabetes.

By augmenting endogenous amylin, pramlintide aids in the cellular absorption and regulation of blood glucose by slowing gastric emptying, promoting satiety via hypothalamic receptors (different receptors than for GLP-1), and inhibiting inappropriate secretion of glucagon, a catabolic hormone that opposes the effects of insulin and amylin. Pramlintide also has effects in raising the acute first-phase insulin response threshold following a meal.

Both a reduction in glycated hemoglobin and weight loss have been shown in insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes taking pramlintide as an adjunctive therapy.

Pramlintide has been approved by the FDA, for use by type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients who use insulin. Pramlintide allows patients to use less insulin, lowers average blood sugar levels, and substantially reduces what otherwise would be a large unhealthy rise in blood sugar that occurs in diabetics right after eating.

Apart from insulin analogs, pramlintide is the only drug approved by the FDA to lower blood sugar in type 1 diabetics since insulin in the early 1920s.

Since native human amylin is highly amyloidogenic and potentially toxic, the strategy for designing pramlintide was to substitute residues from rat amylin, which is less amyloidogenic although not completely (but would presumably retain clinical activity). Proline residues are known to be structure-breaking residues, so these were directly grafted into the human sequence. Despite its enhanced stability compared to human amylin, pramlintide is still able to organize into amyloid material .


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