Phenate
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| Names | |||
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Preferred IUPAC name
Phenol
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Systematic IUPAC name
Benzenol
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| Other names
Carbolic acid
Phenylic acid Hydroxybenzene Phenic acid |
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| Identifiers | |||
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3D model (JSmol)
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| ChEBI | |||
| ChemSpider | |||
| DrugBank | |||
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.003.303 | ||
| KEGG | |||
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PubChem CID
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| RTECS number | SJ3325000 | ||
| UNII | |||
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| Properties | |||
| C6H6O | |||
| Molar mass | 94.11 g·mol−1 | ||
| Appearance | Transparent crystalline solid | ||
| Odor | Sweet and tarry | ||
| Density | 1.07 g/cm3 | ||
| Melting point | 40.5 °C (104.9 °F; 313.6 K) | ||
| Boiling point | 181.7 °C (359.1 °F; 454.8 K) | ||
| 8.3 g/100 mL (20 °C) | |||
| Vapor pressure | 0.4 mmHg (20 °C) | ||
| Acidity (pKa) | 9.95 (in water), 29.1 (in acetonitrile) |
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| UV-vis (λmax) | 270.75 nm | ||
| 1.224 D | |||
| Pharmacology | |||
| C05BB05 (WHO) D08AE03 (WHO), N01BX03 (WHO), R02AA19 (WHO) | |||
| Hazards | |||
| Safety data sheet | [1] | ||
| GHS pictograms |
  
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| H301, H311, H314, H331, H341, H373 | |||
| P261, P280, P301+310, P305+351+338, P310 | |||
| NFPA 704 | |||
| Flash point | 79 °C (174 °F; 352 K) | ||
| Explosive limits | 1.8–8.6% | ||
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |||
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LD50 (median dose)
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317 mg/kg (rat, oral) 270 mg/kg (mouse, oral) |
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LDLo (lowest published)
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420 mg/kg (rabbit, oral) 500 mg/kg (dog, oral) 80 mg/kg (cat, oral) |
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LC50 (median concentration)
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19 ppm (mammal) 81 ppm (rat) 69 ppm (mouse) |
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| US health exposure limits (NIOSH): | |||
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PEL (Permissible)
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TWA 5 ppm (19 mg/m3) [skin] | ||
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REL (Recommended)
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TWA 5 ppm (19 mg/m3) C 15.6 ppm (60 mg/m3) [15-minute] [skin] | ||
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IDLH (Immediate danger)
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250 ppm | ||
| Related compounds | |||
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Related compounds
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Thiophenol Sodium phenoxide |
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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 (what is   ?) |
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| Infobox references | |||
29.1 (in acetonitrile)
Phenol, also known as carbolic acid, is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula C6H5OH. It is a white crystalline solid that is volatile. The molecule consists of a phenyl group (−C6H5) bonded to a hydroxyl group (−OH). It is mildly acidic and requires careful handling due to its propensity to cause chemical burns.
Phenol was first extracted from coal tar, but today is produced on a large scale (about 7 billion kg/year) from petroleum. It is an important industrial commodity as a precursor to many materials and useful compounds. It is primarily used to synthesize plastics and related materials. Phenol and its chemical derivatives are essential for production of polycarbonates, epoxies, Bakelite, nylon, detergents, herbicides such as phenoxy herbicides, and numerous pharmaceutical drugs.
Phenol is an organic compound. Phenol is appreciably soluble in water, with about 84.2 g dissolving in 1000 mL (0.895 M). Homogeneous mixtures of phenol and water at phenol to water mass ratios of ~2.6 and higher are possible. The sodium salt of phenol, sodium phenoxide, is far more water-soluble.
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