Payload Assist Module

The Payload Assist Module (PAM) is a modular upper stage designed and built by McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing), using Thiokol Star-series solid propellant rocket motors. The PAM was used with the Space Shuttle, Delta, and Titan launchers and carried satellites from low Earth orbit to a geostationary transfer orbit or an interplanetary course. The payload was spin stabilized by being mounted on a rotating plate. Originally developed for the Space Shuttle, different versions of the PAM were developed:

The PAM-D module, used as the third stage of the Delta II rocket, is the only version in use today.

On January 12, 2001, a PAM-D module re-entered the atmosphere after a "catastrophic orbital decay". The PAM-D stage, which had been used to launch the GPS satellite 2A-11 in 1993, crashed in the sparsely populated Saudi Arabian desert, where it was positively identified.

PAM-D stage in assembly

SBS-3 satellite with PAM-D stage being launched from Space Shuttle Columbia

Saudi officials inspect a PAM-D module that re-entered the atmosphere in 2001

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