Parahippus

Parahippus Temporal range: Early Miocene
Parahippus cognatus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Perissodactyla
Family:	Equidae
Subfamily:	†Anchitheriinae
Genus:	Parahippus Leidy, 1858

Parahippus is an extinct relative of the modern horse, very similar to Miohippus, but slightly larger, at around 1 metre (10 hands) tall, at the withers.

Around 20 million years ago, during the Miocene Period, some of Earth's environments were changing, forests and swamps were receding as more plains were developed. It is believed these developments affected many changes in the existing horse ancestors.

Parahippus was larger than Miohippus, with longer legs and face. The bones in the legs were fused and this, along with muscle development, allowed Parahippus to move with forward-and-back strides. Flexible leg rotation was eliminated, so that the animal was better adapted to fast forward running on open ground without moving from side to side. Most importantly, Parahippus was able to stand on its middle toe, instead of walking on pads, which gave it the ability to run faster; its weight was supported by ligaments under the fetlock to the big central toe. The side toes were almost vestigial, and seldom touched the ground.

Since leafy food had become scarce, these animals were forced to subsist on the newly evolved grasses that were by now taking over the plains, and their teeth adapted accordingly. The extra molar crest that was variable in Miohippus became permanent in Parahippus. The molars developed high crowns and a hard covering for grinding the grass, which was typically covered with high-silica dust and sand.

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