Papal conclave, 1730

Coat of arms during the vacancy of the Holy See
Dates and location
5 March – 12 July 1730 Apostolic Palace, Papal States
Key officials
Dean	Francesco Pignatelli
Sub-Dean	Francesco Barberini
Camerlengo	Annibale Albani
Protopriest	Giuseppe Renato Imperiali
Protodeacon	Benedetto Pamphili, Lorenzo Altieri
Election
Vetoed	Giuseppe Renato Imperiali
Elected Pope
Lorenzo Corsini (Name taken: Clement XII)
← 1724 1740 →

The papal conclave of 1730 elected Pope Clement XII as the successor to Pope Benedict XIII.

Pope Benedict XIII, died on February 21, 1730 at the age of eighty-one. The conclave which followed is considered to be the longest and most corrupt of the 18th century. The conclave opened on March 5 with thirty cardinals, but the numbers increased as more began to arrive. None of the Portuguese Cardinals were in attendance, apparently due to friction between Rome and Lisbon. There were fifty-six cardinals present. At some point in the four-month long ordeal, at least half had been proposed.

One voting bloc was made up of twelve cardinals who had been appointed by Benedict XIII, but this group had no clear leader. A second group was made up of cardinals appointed by Pope Alexander VIII. Politically, they were allied with the French party, which represented the interests of Louis XV.

The Imperial party were all subjects of the Austrian Emperor. This group included Cardinal Gianantonio Davia, a former papal nuncio to Vienna under salary from the imperial court. The Spanish party suffered from internal dissension, but was broadly allied with the Emperor.

There were also a Savoyard contingent representing Victor Amadeus II of Savoy, King of Sardinia; and the Zelanti, who opposed all secular interference. In addition, the Florentine House of Medici was using financial enticements to forward their candidate, Lorenzo Corsini.

None of the factions were sufficiently large enough to bring a successful vote for their respective candidates.

From about 1600, certain Catholic monarchs claimed a jus exclusivae (right of exclusion), i.e. a veto over papal elections, exercised through a crown-cardinal. By an informal convention, each state claiming the veto was allowed to exercise the right once per conclave. Therefore, a crown-cardinal did not announce the veto until the very last moment when the candidate in question seemed likely to get elected. This conclave saw a good deal of maneuvering by the various parties to induce another to exercise the veto prematurely. At one point, in lieu of a veto, the Spanish party threatened to exit the conclave if a particular opposition candidate was likely to be chosen. (The jus exclusivae was summarily abolished by Pope Pius X).

Cardinal Cornelio Bentivoglio presented the veto of King Philip V of Spain against the election of Cardinal Giuseppe Renato Imperiali. During the Conclave of 1700 Imperiali was part of a group of cardinals who were trying to resist the pressure applied by foreign governments aiming to influence Papal elections. In 1720 he had attempted to influence the Republic of Genoa to arrest Cardinal Giulio Alberoni, an erstwhile court favorite made a duke and grandee of Spain. However, the veto had been signed by the Spanish Secretary of State rather than the King, and was subject to a challenge. Matters dragged on while a messenger was sent to Madrid to obtain verification.