Northern and southern Vietnam

Northern Vietnam and Southern Vietnam are two historic, geographic and cultural regions within Vietnam. In the present context, Southern and Northern Vietnam could be differentiated as followed: (Each region consists of subregions, with often considerable cultural differences between subregions).

Northern Vietnam includes the following subregions:

Southern Vietnam includes the following subregions:

The Red River Delta in Northern Vietnam is the traditional homeland of the ethnic Vietnamese (Kinh people) where various Bronze Age cultures such as Phung Nguyen and Dong Son originated over 4000 years ago. Though migration and conquests, Vietnamese people gradually spread south in a process called Nam Tiến (Advancing South).

Central Vietnam was home to Cham people, a Malayo-Polynesian ethnic group who founded their distinct Indianised Kingdom over the Central Coast before being subdued by the Vietnamese during the 14th century. Their predecessors, people who are now known as the Sa Huynh culture, dated back from 1000 BCE.

The Mekong Delta in southernmost Vietnam was part of Funan, Chenla then Angkor Empire. Chinese and Vietnamese started migrating en masse to this region during the 16th to 17th century.

Northern and Southern Vietnam was a fluid concept that changed constantly during the course of history. During the Lê–Mạc wars (1541–92), Vietnam was partitioned with the Mạc dynasty holding the Red River Delta and Lê dynasty controlling the Central Region from Nghệ An to Bình Định while Champa and the Khmers still held their polities further south.

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