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Nickel carbonyl

Nickel tetracarbonyl
Nickel carbonyl
Nickel carbonyl
Nickel carbonyl
Names
IUPAC name
Tetracarbonylnickel
Other names
Nickel tetracarbonyl
Nickel carbonyl
Identifiers
13463-39-3 YesY
3D model (Jmol) Interactive image
ChEBI CHEBI:30372 YesY
ChemSpider 21865021 YesY
ECHA InfoCard 100.033.322
EC Number 236-669-2
PubChem 26039
RTECS number QR6300000
UN number 1259
Properties
Ni(CO)4
Molar mass 170.73 g/mol
Appearance colorless or very-pale-yellow liquid
diamagnetic
Odor musty, like brick dust
Density 1.319 g/cm3
Melting point −17.2 °C (1.0 °F; 256.0 K)
Boiling point 43 °C (109 °F; 316 K)
0.018 g/100 mL (10 °C)
Solubility miscible in most organic solvents
soluble in nitric acid, aqua regia
Vapor pressure 315 mmHg (20 °C)
Viscosity 3.05 x 10−4 Pa s
Structure
Tetrahedral
Tetrahedral
zero
Thermochemistry
320 J K−1 mol−1
−632 kJ/mol
−1180 kJ/mol
Hazards
Safety data sheet ICSC 0064
Flammable (F)
Carc. Cat. 3
Repr. Cat. 2
Very Toxic (T+)
Dangerous for the environment (N)
R-phrases R61, R11, R26, R40, R50/53
S-phrases S53, S45, S60, S61
NFPA 704
Flammability code 3: Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Flash point between 23 and 38 °C (73 and 100 °F). E.g., gasoline) Health code 4: Very short exposure could cause death or major residual injury. E.g., VX gas Reactivity code 3: Capable of detonation or explosive decomposition but requires a strong initiating source, must be heated under confinement before initiation, reacts explosively with water, or will detonate if severely shocked. E.g., fluorine Special hazards (white): no codeNFPA 704 four-colored diamond
Flash point 4 °C (39 °F; 277 K)
60 °C (140 °F; 333 K)
Explosive limits 2–34%
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
266 ppm (cat, 30 min)
35 ppm (rabbit, 30 min)
94 ppm (mouse, 30 min)
10 ppm (mouse, 10 min)
360 ppm (dog, 90 min)
30 ppm (human, 30 min)
42 ppm (rabbit, 30 min)
7 ppm (mouse, 30 min)
US health exposure limits (NIOSH):
PEL (Permissible)
TWA 0.001 ppm (0.007 mg/m3)
REL (Recommended)
TWA 0.001 ppm (0.007 mg/m3)
IDLH (Immediate danger)
Ca [2 ppm]
Related compounds
Iron pentacarbonyl
Dicobalt octacarbonyl
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
YesY  (what is YesYN ?)
Infobox references

Nickel carbonyl (IUPAC name: tetracarbonylnickel) is the organonickel compound with the formula Ni(CO)4. This pale-yellow liquid is the principal carbonyl of nickel. It is an intermediate in the Mond process for the purification of nickel and a reagent in organometallic chemistry. Nickel carbonyl is one of the most toxic substances encountered in industrial processes.

In nickel tetracarbonyl, the oxidation state for nickel is assigned as zero. The formula conforms to 18-electron rule. The molecule is tetrahedral, with four carbonyl (carbon monoxide) ligands attached to nickel. The CO ligands, in which the C and the O are connected by triple bonds, are covalently bonded to the nickel atom via the carbon ends. Electron diffraction studies have been performed on this molecule, and the Ni–C and C–O distances have been calculated to be 1.838(2) and 1.141(2) angstroms respectively.

Ni(CO)4 was first synthesised in 1890 by Ludwig Mond by the direct reaction of nickel metal with CO. This pioneering work foreshadowed the existence of many other metal carbonyl compounds, including those of V, Cr, Mn, Fe, and Co. It was also applied industrially to the purification of nickel by the end of the 19th century.

At 323 K (50 °C; 122 °F), carbon monoxide is passed over impure nickel. The optimal rate occurs at 130 °C.

Ni(CO)4 is not readily available commercially. It is conveniently generated in the laboratory by carbonylation of commercially available bis(cyclooctadiene)nickel(0).


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