Muhammad Abduh
| Muhammad Abduh | |
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| Born | 1849 Nile Delta, Egypt |
| Died | 11 July 1905 (aged 56) Alexandria, Egypt |
| Nationality | Egyptian |
| Ethnicity | Arabic |
| Region | Middle East |
| Religion | Islam |
| Denomination | Sunni |
| Movement | Salafi,Islamic Modernism |
| Alma mater | al-Azhar |
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Muḥammad 'Abduh (1849 – 11 July 1905) (also spelled Mohammed Abduh, Arabic: محمد عبده) was an Egyptian Islamic jurist, religious scholar and liberal reformer, regarded as one of the key founding figures of Islamic Modernism, sometimes called Neo-Mu’tazilism after the medieval Islamic school of theology based on rationalism, Muʿtazila. He broke the rigidity of the Muslim ritual, dogma, and family ties. He also wrote, among other things, "Treatise on the Oneness of God", and a commentary on the Qur'an. Abduh was a Freemason and had a close relationship with the Bahá'í Faith.
Muhammad Abduh was born in 1849 to a Turkish father and Arab mother in Lower Egypt (i.e. the Nile Delta). His family was of the Egyptian elite. His father was part of the Umad, or the local ruling elite. His mother was part of the Ashraf. He was educated in Tanta at a private school. When he turned thirteen, he was sent to the Aḥmadī mosque, which was one of the largest educational institutions in Egypt. A while later Abduh ran away from school and got married. He enrolled at al-Azhar University in 1866. Abduh studied logic, philosophy and Islamic mysticism at the Al-Azhar University in Cairo. He was a student of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, a philosopher and Muslim religious reformer who advocated Pan-Islamism to resist European colonialism. Under al-Afghani's influence, Abduh combined journalism, politics, and his own fascination in Islamic mystical spirituality. Al-Afghani taught Abduh about the problems of Egypt and the Islamic world and about the technological achievements of the West.
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