Morse–Palais lemma

In mathematics, the Morse–Palais lemma is a result in the calculus of variations and theory of Hilbert spaces. Roughly speaking, it states that a smooth enough function near a critical point can be expressed as a quadratic form after a suitable change of coordinates.

The Morse–Palais lemma was originally proved in the finite-dimensional case by the American mathematician Marston Morse, using the Gram–Schmidt orthogonalization process. This result plays a crucial role in Morse theory. The generalization to Hilbert spaces is due to Richard Palais and Stephen Smale.

Let (H, 〈 , 〉) be a real Hilbert space, and let U be an open neighbourhood of 0 in H. Let f : U → R be a (k + 2)-times continuously differentiable function with k ≥ 1, i.e. f ∈ C^k+2(U; R). Assume that f(0) = 0 and that 0 is a non-degenerate critical point of f, i.e. the second derivative D²f(0) defines an isomorphism of H with its continuous dual space H^∗ by

Then there exists a subneighbourhood V of 0 in U, a diffeomorphism φ : V → V that is C^k with C^k inverse, and an invertible symmetric operator A : H → H, such that

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