Mohareb

Hirābah (Arabic: حرابة‎‎) is an Arabic word for “piracy”, or “unlawful warfare”. Hirabah comes from the root hariba, which means “to become angry and enraged”. The noun harb (حَرْب, pl. hurub حُروب) means “war” and/or “enemy”. In Islamic law, hirabah is a legal category which comprises highway robbery (traditionally understood as robbery with violence or grand larceny, unlike theft which has a different punishment), rape, and terrorism.

Muharabah (also spelled muharebeh) is a term which is treated as interchangeable with hirabah in Arabic lexicons. The related term mohareb (محارب) (perpetrator of moharebeh) has been translated by English language Iranian media as "enemy of God". In English-language media sources Moharebeh in Iran has been translated variously as "waging war against God," "war against God and the state," "enmity against God." It is a capital crime in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The verses 33-34 of Surah al-Ma'ida of the Qur'an^{[Quran 5:33]} specify punishment for "those who wage war against Allah and His Prophet and strive to spread disorder in the land":

The punishments of those who wage war against Allah and His Prophet and strive to spread disorder in the land are to execute them in an exemplary way or to crucify them or to amputate their hands and feet from opposite sides or to banish them from the land. Such is their disgrace in this world, and in the Hereafter theirs will be an awful doom save those who repent before you overpower them; you should know that Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Ever Merciful.

The verbal noun form (i.e. hirabah) is frequently used in classical and modern books of Islamic jurisprudence, but neither the word hirabah nor the root verb haraba occurs in the Quran. (Yuhaaribun is the form used in Quran 5:33-4.)

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