Sheikh Mohammed bin Thani (Arabic: محمد بن ثاني‎‎; c. 1788 – 18 December 1878), also known as Mohammed bin Thani bin Mohammed Al Thamir (Arabic: محمد بن ثاني بن محمد آل ثامر‎‎), was the second emir of the whole Qatari Peninsula, following his predecessor, his father, Sheikh Thani bin Mohammed Al Thamir. He is known for being the father of Sheikh Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani, the founder of Qatar and who fended off the Ottoman army in the late 19th century.

Sheikh Mohammed bin Thani was born in Fuwayrit, Qatar, by his father and predecessor to the throne, Sheikh Thani bin Mohammed Al Thamir, with Sheikh Mohammed being the second eldest son of his father, along with his four siblings:

After living a lengthy life in Fuwayrit, the Al Thani family finally moved in 1847 from Fuwayrit to Doha, the capital city and state of Qatar, under the leadership of Sheikh Mohammed, who was 59 at the time.

His father later died in 1860, when he succeeded to the throne. By the early 1860s, Sheikh Mohammed emerged as the most important figure in Qatar and an important government official in the Persian Gulf. He abdicated, due to old age, as emir of Qatar in 1876, turning the throne over to his eldest son Sheikh Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani.

Sheikh Mohammed had 8 children: six sons (listed below) and two daughters, both with unknown names.

Sheikh Mohammed died two years after abdicating from his throne in 1876. He died on 18 December 1878, the exact date of the national day of Qatar, as a result of his natural aging.

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