Mietek Pemper

Mieczysław "Mietek" Pemper (24 March 1920 – 7 June 2011) was a Polish-born Jew and a Holocaust survivor. Pemper helped compile and type Oskar Schindler's now-famous list, which saved 1,200 people from being killed in the Holocaust during World War II.

Pemper was born into a Jewish family in Kraków, Poland near the Vistula river on 24 March 1920. Pemper's immediate family consisted of himself, his parents, Jakub and Regina Pemper, along with his younger brother, Stefan Pemper. In Polish, "Mietek" is short for "Mieczysław", and his family and closest friends referred to him as such. From early childhood, Pemper was bilingual in Polish and German. He studied law at Jagiellonian University and business administration at the Academy of Economics simultaneously.

Pemper was 19 years old when Nazi Germany invaded Poland in 1939. All Jews in Kraków, including Pemper and his family, were required to wear Star of David yellow badges by the Nazis. Pemper stayed at home as much as possible in protest against the badges. While spending most of his time in his family's apartment, Pemper decided to teach himself German stenography, since he had already learned German shorthand. Shortly after, Pemper and his family were confined to the Kraków Ghetto, and he was soon appointed by Nazi officials as a clerk for the Judenrat, the Kraków Ghetto's Jewish administration. Pemper also acted as a German-Polish interpreter for the Kraków Ghetto residents and typed up radio broadcasts from the BBC.

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