Maternal bleeding
| Obstetrical bleeding | |
|---|---|
| Synonyms | Obstetrical hemorrhage, maternal hemorrhage |
| Specialty | obstetrics |
| Frequency | 8.7 million (2015) |
| Deaths | 83,000 (2015) |
| Classification |
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Obstetrical bleeding also known as obstetrical hemorrhage and maternal hemorrhage, refers to heavy bleeding during pregnancy, labor, or the postpartum period. Bleeding may be vaginal or less commonly but more dangerously, internal, into the abdominal cavity. Typically bleeding is related to the pregnancy itself, but some forms of bleeding are caused by other events.
The most frequent cause of maternal mortality worldwide is severe hemorrhage with 8.7 million cases occurring in 2015 and 83,000 of those events resulting in maternal death. Between 2003 and 2009, hemorrhage accounted for 27.1% of all maternal deaths globally
In ICD-10, early pregnancy bleeding (code O20.9) refers to obstetrical hemorrhage before 20 completed weeks of gestational age.
First trimester bleeding, is obstetrical hemorrhage in the first trimester (0 weeks-12 weeks of gestational age). First trimester bleeding is a common occurrence and estimated to occur in approximately 25% of all (clinically recognized) pregnancies.
Differential diagnosis of first trimester bleeding is as follows, with the mnemonic AGE IS Low (during first trimester):
Other causes of early pregnancy bleeding may include:
Antepartum bleeding (APH), also prepartum hemorrhage, is bleeding during pregnancy from the 24th week (sometimes defined as from the 20th week) gestational age to full term (40th week). The primary consideration is the presence of a placenta previa which is a low lying placenta at or very near to the internal cervical os. This condition occurs in roughly 4 out of 1000 pregnancies and usually needs to be resolved by delivering the baby via cesarean section. Also a placental abruption (in which there is premature separation of the placenta) can lead to obstetrical hemorrhage, sometimes concealed. This pathology is of important consideration after maternal trauma such as a motor vehicle accident or fall.
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