Man Afraid Of His Horses

Young-Man-Afraid-of-His-Horses
Tȟašúŋke Kȟokípȟapi, also translated as His-Horses-Are-Afraid and They-Fear-Even-His-Horse
Young-Man-Afraid-of-His-Horses, 1884
Oglala Sioux chief leader
Preceded by	Old Man Afraid of His Horse
Personal details
Born	1836
Died	July 18, 1893(1893-07-18) (aged 56–57) near Newcastle, Wyoming
Resting place	Makansan Presbyterian Cemetery near Oglala, South Dakota
Parents	Chief Old Man Afraid of His Horse (1808–1889)
Known for	Fought under Red Cloud in Red Cloud's War; negotiator for the Sioux Nation after the Wounded Knee Massacre; served on delegations to Washington, D.C.

Young-Man-Afraid-Of-His-Horses [Tȟašúŋke Kȟokípȟapi] (1836 – July 13, 1893), also translated as His-Horses-Are-Afraid and They-Fear-Even-His-Horses, was a chief of the Oglala Sioux. Commonly misinterpreted, his name means They fear his horse or His horse is feared, meaning that the bearer of the name was so feared in battle that even the sight of his horse would inspire fear. He is known for his participation in Red Cloud's War, as a negotiator for the Sioux Nation after the Wounded Knee Massacre, and for serving on delegations to Washington, D.C.

The latter nineteenth century Oglala Lakota leader known to the whites as "Young Man Afraid of His Horse" was born about 1836 into a distinguished family of Oglala headmen. According to his father, Young Man Afraid was the fourth in a direct line of Oglala chiefs to bear the name, which is more correctly translated as They-Fear-His-Horse. After Young Man Afraid became a renowned Lakota warrior and headman in his own right, his father became known as Old Man Afraid of His Horse. Old Man Afraid (1808-1889) served as a headman and chief of the Hunkpatila band of Oglalas until the 1870s, when the Oglalas split over the creation of the Great Sioux Reservation. In 1871, the followers of the Man Afraids settled permanently at the Red Cloud Agency, later the Pine Ridge Agency. The non-treaty Oglala faction retained the Hunkpatila name and remained in the Powder River country. Young Man Afraid's Oglalas became known as the Payabya band.

The senseless brutality of the Sand Creek Massacre on 29 November 1864 brought war to the South Platte River valley, as the Cheyenne, Lakota, and Arapaho retaliated for the attack on a peaceful village of mostly women, children, and old men. On 7 January 1865, a combined force of 1000 warriors attacked the stagecoach station at Julesburg, Colorado, and they continued raiding throughout the South Platte region for several weeks. Young Man Afraid of His Horse emerged as a leading Oglala warrior during these raids. The U.S. Army's construction of forts along the Bozeman Trail beginning in 1866 to protect settlers infuriated the Lakota and Cheyenne, as they refused to accept the white presence in their prime hunting grounds. The U.S. officials invited the Lakota and Cheyenne leaders to a council at Fort Laramie to obtain right-of-way from the Lakota for the forts and road, but during the conference, a regiment of infantry troops arrived to build Fort Phil Kearny without the Lakota giving their consent. This duplicity enraged Old Man Afraid of His Horse and Red Cloud, and most of the Lakota stormed out of the council in anger. These events precipitated Red Cloud's War of 1866-1868, the only Indian war to end in defeat for the United States. Young Man Afraid of His Horse served as an instrumental war leader during this conflict. He played an important role in the Lakota victory at the Battle of the Hundred Slain (known as the Fetterman Fight to the whites). At the Wagon Box Fight of 2 August 1867, Young Man Afraid of His Horse served along with Crazy Horse as the leaders of the combined Lakota/Cheyenne war party. In 1868, the multiband Oglala council bestowed one of their highest honors upon Young Man Afraid of His Horse, investing him, along with American Horse, Crazy Horse, and Sword Owner (later George Sword) as the Oglala's four head shirtwearers or protectors of the people. They were the last four head Oglala shirtwearers. In the 1930s, the official interpreter at the Pine Ridge Agency stated that Young Man Afraid of His Horse was the only one of the four who kept his shirt until his death.